Keep in mind that the indicated resolution (72dpi, 300dpi, whatever) is only a calculated value based on the number of pixels the image has spread over the number of inches the image has been assigned to cover.
The size of an image or its resolution are only arbitrary assigned values that are both dependent on the absolute number of pixels the image has.
If you change the dpi of an image in PhotoShop without resampling it, all that really happens is that PhotoShop conveniently recalculates a new size for you. Likewise, if you change the size of an image without resampling it, then all that PhotoShop is doing is recalculating a new dpi (resolution). The image itself undergoes no change at all. Not a single pixel is affected.
Resolution or size of an electronic raster image are meaningless by themselves without an express reference to the other. You cannot say that an image is 300 dpi without also saying that is such-and-such a size and vice versa.
However, if you refer to an image's size in pixels (i.e. 3000x2000), that will tell you all you need to know and any size/resolution can be calculated from that.
Usually, any image that is indicated to be 72dpi, simply has had no arbitrary values set for size or resolution, so PhotoShop and other programs show 72dpi as a default.
The best thing you can do over time to really understand this is to largely ignore what resolution an image is and instead, pay much closer attention to what the absolute size in pixels is and how that translates into dpi at the size you want to print it...