"Faster" is a relative term. It really depends on what tasks you're doing within CorelDRAW or Adobe Illustrator. Neither application is "perfect" and both have their own unique strengths.
Yes and no. Adobe for their 2D programs, use OpenGL, nothing wrong with that, my own apps use that. However, considering Apple has deprecated OpenGL in favor of Metal a long time ago, they aren't even using the latest version (which has been deprecated by Khronos group since 2017-2018, something like that in favor of Vulkan), so they are stuck with even legacy code on both platforms due to the limitation on one (reason why the min requirement is at 4.0 versus 4.6 which has been the latest since about the time the spec was deprecated all those years ago). Contrast, Corel uses OpenCL which exposes more lower level access compared to OpenGL (like what Vulkan does compared to OpenGL) and actually run on more potato level hardware, because there is that nuance ability. So in theory, it is possible to do things quicker from a computational standpoint, but it all depends on how the programmer handles things on their end. One hides things (OpenGL), while the other exposes them (OpenCL).
Now, if one is talking about faster workflow, that depends on the individual user and even though they may be faster in one versus the other, that faster workflow may not be as efficient (or as fast) as it could be as well. The irony there.
Both do come into play though. So they aren't totally isolated from one another.
There is a lot of other back and forth comparisons. People can toss in Affinity Designer. I'd recommend Affinity Designer to any amateurs wanting to create vector graphics on a budget. But it lacks too many professional features compared to either CorelDRAW or Adobe Illustrator. For example I really dislike how Serif doesn't appear to have any plans to build support of OpenType Variable or OpenType-SVG fonts into Affinity Designer. They appear happy to keep its type engine based in the 2000's. Just about all the new commercial fonts I buy have Variable versions included. Some are variable-only. Even with "free fonts" companies like Google are releasing more variable fonts less of the static versions. Heck, even Inkscape supports variable fonts now.
While the spec of variable fonts is getting more and more mature, I think what were are at is the same stage that OpenGL and Vulkan are at (Vulkan and the variable font spec are about the same age if I'm not mistaken, both being released initially in 2016?). A lot more people are using/designing variable fonts, but it's still not quite stable (much like Vulkan is compared to OpenGL). Now, depending on the individual user, it may appear to be that isn't the case, so it's hard to reconcile that, especially when so many are producing more and more. Now, I also think with the latest version (what is is 2.0?) for Designer, there is balancing of what to implement, when to implement it and can't satisfy everyone. Ironically, variable fonts actually is quite robust on the web which also, in my opinion, goes into why Inkscape has support for it given they use the SVG standard for their file format of choice.
So, ironically, while Designer may be using a font engine from the aughts, Adobe is still using a rendering API from the early 90s (I think 92 was the originally release). To be honest though, once software gets long in the tooth, age wise, it's very very hard to pull things in and out, especially if at the time, everything is intertwined with one another (UI mixed in with logic). It becomes a hack fast at best getting everything to work and modernize as well. I think people were complaining about some hinky things after the larger artboard came out for Ai, so that makes think of this very thing happened, some hacky way was used to finally get that feature request in, but I'm speculating.
Personally, and this is just me, I tend to like programs that even if they don't give me everything, they give me the tools to create what I need. Some may consider that "hacky", but to be honest, all plugins are like this, even the most beloved ones that are recommended here (and I have suggested some of them myself as well), but it works for me anyway.