Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (
TMD,
TMJ,
TMJD), also known as
temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome and
temporomandibular disorder among others,[SUP]
[1][/SUP] is an
umbrella term covering
pain and dysfunction of the
muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the
temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the
mandible to the
skull). The most important feature is pain, followed by restricted mandibular movement,[SUP]
[2][/SUP] and noises from the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) during jaw movement. Although TMD is not life-threatening, it can be detrimental to
quality of life,[SUP]
[3][/SUP] because the symptoms can become chronic and difficult to manage.
TMD is a symptom complex rather than a single condition, and it is thought to be caused by multiple factors.[SUP]
[4][/SUP][SUP]
[5][/SUP] However, these factors are poorly understood,[SUP]
[6][/SUP] and there is disagreement as to their relative importance. There are many treatments available,[SUP]
[7][/SUP] although there is a general lack of evidence for any treatment in TMD, and no widely accepted treatment protocol. Common treatments include provision of occlusal splints, psychosocial interventions like
cognitive behavioral therapy, and
pain medication or others. Most sources agree that no irreversible treatment should be carried out for TMD.[SUP]
[8][/SUP]